عنوان مقاله
تاثیر طراحی معماری بر تنوع و ساختار میکروبیوم محیط های مصنوعی ساخته شده
فهرست مطالب
چکیده
مقدمه
مواد و روش ها
نتایج
بحث
بخشی از مقاله
نمونه برداری از جامعه میکروبی
هر نمونه میکروبی با جریان هوا در دو آلایه گیر(سطح برخورد) مایع (v) پر شده با آب درجه مولکولی استریل به مدت 1 ساعت با سرعت 12.5 l min-1 جمع آوری گردید که نتیجه این امر حجم هوای نمونه برداری شده کل 1500 l در هر نمونه بود. سطوح برخورد مجدداً با آب استریل تا قسمت وسط پرشدند تا بدین طریق حجم مایع و راندمان جمع آوری در سطح ثابت نگه داشته شود.
کلمات کلیدی:
Architectural design influences the diversity and structure of the built environment microbiome Steven W Kembel1 , Evan Jones1 , Jeff Kline1,2, Dale Northcutt1,2, Jason Stenson1,2, Ann M Womack1 , Brendan JM Bohannan1 , G Z Brown1,2 and Jessica L Green1,3 1 Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA; 2 Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA and 3 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA Buildings are complex ecosystems that house trillions of microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans and with their environment. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the diversity and composition of the built environment microbiome—the community of microorganisms that live indoors—is important for understanding the relationship between building design, biodiversity and human health. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to quantify relationships between building attributes and airborne bacterial communities at a health-care facility. We quantified airborne bacterial community structure and environmental conditions in patient rooms exposed to mechanical or window ventilation and in outdoor air. The phylogenetic diversity of airborne bacterial communities was lower indoors than outdoors, and mechanically ventilated rooms contained less diverse microbial communities than did window-ventilated rooms. Bacterial communities in indoor environments contained many taxa that are absent or rare outdoors, including taxa closely related to potential human pathogens. Building attributes, specifically the source of ventilation air, airflow rates, relative humidity and temperature, were correlated with the diversity and composition of indoor bacterial communities. The relative abundance of bacteria closely related to human pathogens was higher indoors than outdoors, and higher in rooms with lower airflow rates and lower relative humidity. The observed relationship between building design and airborne bacterial diversity suggests that we can manage indoor environments, altering through building design and operation the community of microbial species that potentially colonize the human microbiome during our time indoors. The ISME Journal advance online publication, 26 January 2012; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.211 Subject Category: microbial population and community ecology Keywords: aeromicrobiology; bacteria; built environment microbiome; community ecology; dispersal; environmental filtering Introduction Humans spend up to 90% of their lives indoors (Klepeis et al., 2001). Consequently, the way we design and operate the indoor environment has a profound impact on our health (Guenther and Vittori, 2008). One step toward better understanding of how building design impacts human health is to study buildings as ecosystems. Built environments are complex ecosystems that contain numerous organisms including trillions of microorganisms (Rintala et al., 2008; Tringe et al., 2008; Amend et al., 2010). The collection of microbial life that exists indoors—the built environment microbiome—includes human pathogens and commensals interacting with each other and with their environment (Eames et al., 2009). There have been few attempts to comprehensively survey the built environment microbiome (Rintala et al., 2008; Tringe et al., 2008; Amend et al., 2010), with most studies focused on measures of total bioaerosol concentrations or the abundance of culturable or pathogenic strains (Berglund et al., 1992; Toivola et al., 2002; Mentese et al., 2009), rather than a more comprehensive measure of microbial diversity in indoor spaces. For this reason, the factors that determine the diversity and composition of the built environment microbiome are poorly understood. However, the situation is changing. The development of culture-independent, high-throughput molecular sequencing approaches has transformed the study of microbial diversity in a variety of environments, as demonstrated by the recent explosion of research on the microbial ecology of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Nemergut et al., 2011)
