عنوان مقاله
رشد بهره وری، پیشرفت فنی و تغییر کارایی در بخش تولید سازماندهی نشده هندی
فهرست مطالب
مقدمه
بازدهی کل عوامل (TFP)
داده ها و متغیرها
سهم ارزش افزوده ناخالص و استخدام و اشتغال ایالتی
روندهای کارایی فنی و بازدهی کل عوامل (TFP) در میان ایالات هندی
نتیجه گیری
بخشی از مقاله
بازدهی کل عوامل (TFP)
در سطح گسترده عقیده برآن بوده است که بازدهی کل عوامل(TFP) با شاخص خروجیها تقسیم بر شاخص ورودها یا به شکل جابجایی در تابع تولید اندازه گیری می شود. تغییر فناوری نیز به صورت جابجایی در تابع تولیدتعریف و اندازه گیری شده است و به همین خاطر مترادف با TFP می باشد. اما، زمانی که تولید ناکارآمد تلقی شده باشد، تغییر TFP، تغییر کارایی فنی را نیز دربرمی گیرد.
کلمات کلیدی:
Productivity growth, technical progress and efficiency change in Indian unorganized manufacturing sector: Did reforms deliver? Rajesh Raj S. N. . Malathy Duraisamy Abstract This paper analyses total factor productivity growth in the unorganized manufacturing sector in India using several rounds of the large scale National Sample Survey state-level data for 15 major Indian states for the period 1978-79 to 2000-01. Data Envelopment Analysis is used to compute Malmquist total factor productivity index and its components. The impact of economic reforms on efficiency and productivity is examined. Evidence suggests that total factor productivity registered a positive growth during the period in the country as a whole. Most states in the country witnessed higher total factor productivity growth in the post 1990s reform period than in the pre-reform years. Decomposition of the Malmquist productivity index shows that improvement in technical efficiency rather than technical progress had contributed to the observed acceleration in the growth rate. Econometric analysis of the determinants of total factor productivity growth demonstrates that ownership, literacy, farm growth and infrastructure availability significantly influence total factor productivity growth in the sector. Keywords Total Factor Productivity. Efficiency. Unorganized Manufacturing. Reforms. Indian states JEL Classifications D24. O47. R11 1 Introduction The manufacturing sector is an important sector in the Indian economy comprising about 31 percent of the non-agricultural sector, which makes up 75 percent of the overall GDP in India (Kalirajan and Bhide 2005). Available evidence suggests that the share of manufacturing sector in GDP in constant prices has been around 17 percent in the 1990s. The manufacturing activities in India take place in both the organized and unorganized sectors. The unorganized sector consists of units that employ less than 10 workers with the aid of power or less than 20 workers without the aid of power. All other units are classified under organized manufacturing sector. The organized sector accounts for the larger share in manufacturing output but the contribution of unorganized segment to total manufacturing employment is huge. Narayana (2006) reported that the size of unorganized manufacturing employment is three times higher than the organized manufacturing employment. Recent years witnessed structural changes within the manufacturing sector and the unorganized segment reported to be better performing than the organized segment of the sector. This can be primarily on account of substantial increase in outsourcing by the organized sector (Kalirajan and Bhide 2005). Given the crucial role of the manufacturing sector in India’s economic growth, more attention needs to be directed to the sector and this implies that the large unorganized segment of the sector cannot be ignored. Thus there is a need to examine growth of unorganized manufacturing sector in India. Productivity growth has long been recognized as an important driver of economic growth and a determinant of international competitiveness of a country relative to others. According to Krugman (1994), a higher growth in output due to growth in total factor productivity is preferred to an input driven growth as the inputs are subjected to diminishing returns. There is a large body of literature on productivity growth, its components and determinants of the organized manufacturing sector in India (see for instance Brahmananda 1982; Balakrishnan and Pushpangadhan 1994; Dholakia and Dholakia 1994; Goldar and Kumari 2003; Goldar 2004). However, only a small number of studies have examined productivity trends in unorganized manufacturing sector (Unni et al. 2001; Mukherjee 2004; Rani and Unni 2004). Little if
