عنوان مقاله
نانوذرات ویروسی و ذرات شبه ویروسی: پلت فرم هایی برای طراحی نسل جدید واکسن ها
فهرست مطالب
مقدمه
استراتژی واکسن برای شروع پاسخ های ایمنی
VLP ها به عنوان واکسن
آنتی ژن در VLP HBV
نمایش اپی توپ های هترولوگوس در ویروس های گیاهی
نتیجه گیری
بخشی از مقاله
VLP ها به عنوان واکسن
VLPها به عنوان واکسن های زیر واحدی در نظر گرفته می شوندچرا که آنها شامل مجموعه ی غیر آلوده کننده از اجزای ویروس هستند، اما واکسن های کشنده معادل آن ها یه طور معمول به طور کامل حاضر می شوند با این تفاوت که ذرات ویروسی در میزبان غیر فعال هستند. دوختن پروتئین های ویروسی بیانی می تواند از ذراتی تولید شود که از نظر ساختاری و مورفولوژی مشابه به ویروس های آلوده کننده هستند و توانایی باند شدن و نفوذ به سلول های میزبان را دارند. ویروس ها یاVLP های غیر بیماری زا ذاتا از واکسن هیا ویروسی ضعیف یا کشته شده هستند.
کلمات کلیدی:
Viral nanoparticles and virus-like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design Emily M. Plummer1,2 and Marianne Manchester2∗ Current vaccines that provide protection against infectious diseases have primarily relied on attenuated or inactivated pathogens. Virus-like particles (VLPs), comprised of capsid proteins that can initiate an immune response but do not include the genetic material required for replication, promote immunogenicity and have been developed and approved as vaccines in some cases. In addition, many of these VLPs can be used as molecular platforms for genetic fusion or chemical attachment of heterologous antigenic epitopes. This approach has been shown to provide protective immunity against the foreign epitopes in many cases. A variety of VLPs and virus-based nanoparticles are being developed for use as vaccines and epitope platforms. These particles have the potential to increase efficacy of current vaccines as well as treat diseases for which no effective vaccines are available. 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 174–196 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.119 INTRODUCTION The goal of vaccination is to initiate a strong immune response that leads to the development of lasting and protective immunity. Vaccines against pathogens are the most common, but approaches to develop vaccines against cancer cells, host proteins, or small molecule drugs have been developed as well.1,2 For the purposes of this article, we focus primarily on the use of virus-based platforms in the development of vaccines for infectious disease. The immune system is composed of the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) branches. After a pathogen breaches the host’s physical barriers such as mucosal surfaces or skin, cells of the innate immune system can recognize general characteristics of the pathogen and initiate a response.3 Pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules that are common to many pathogens, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can be found on the cell wall of many bacterial species, doublestranded RNA or unmethylated CpG motifs, which ∗Correspondence to: mmanchester@ucsd.edu 1Cell Biology Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA 2Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA DOI: 10.1002/wnan.119 are normally associated with virus infection. PAMPs can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) which are present on the surface of host cells.4 The intrinsic properties of multivalent display and highly ordered structure present in many pathogens also facilitate recognition by PAMPs, resulting in increased immunogenicity. PAMPs stimulate antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and the subsequent presentation of antigens to cells of the adaptive immune response. Furthermore the initial response by polymorphonuclear (PMNs) leukocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines that promote elimination of pathogens. The adaptive immune response takes longer to develop, on the order of days. Adaptive responses require the recognition of the pathogen by host lymphocytes through interaction of cellsurface receptors that are unique to the lymphocyte. An enormous repertoire of possible receptor combinations allows for the recognition of almost any antigen presented.5 Once the antigen is delivered to the adaptive immune system and stimulates the proliferation of antigen-specific effector cells, these cells begin eliminating the pathogen. The adaptive response is also the basis for immunological memory, which is important for ensuring a fast, strong response when an infectious pathogen is encountered
