عنوان مقاله
مدل سازی قابلیت‌اطمینان و طرح‌های کنترل سیستم مرکب ذخیره‌ساز انرژی و نیروگاه بادی با میزان ارتقای مناسب خط انتقال
فهرست مطالب
مقدمه
ادغام باد همراه با ذخیره‌سازی انرژی درمحل
قابلیت‌اطمینان مدل ذخیره‌سازی‌انرژی درمحل
نتایج تست
نتیجه گیری
بخشی از مقاله
خصیصه‌های مشترک ذخیره‌سازی انرژی
ظرفیت شارژ: بیشینه انرژی جذب شده از شبکه در دوره داده شده. این مرزهای فنی ذخیره‌سازی‌انرژی در حالت شارژ است، به طور معمول در مقیاس مگاوات است. ظرفیت دشارژ: بیشینه انرژی تحویل داده‌شده برای شبکه در دوره‌داده‌شده. این مرز فنی ذخیره‌سازی انرژی در حالت دشارژ است، به طور معمول در مقیاس MW.
بازده شارژ و دشارژ: نسبت بازده انتقال انرژی ذخیره‌سازی‌انرژی. به طور معمول کمتر از یک است.
مقدار انرژی ذخیره‌شده : بیشینه حجم انرژی امکانات ذخیره‌سازی، به طور معمول در مگاوات ساعت (MWh) یا گیگاوات ساعت (GWh)
کلمات کلیدی:
Reliability Modeling and Control Schemes of Composite Energy Storage and Wind Generation System With Adequate Transmission Upgrades Yi Zhang, Senior Member, IEEE, Songzhe Zhu, Member, IEEE, and A. A. Chowdhury, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—The intermittency of wind generation and the potential need for adequate transmission expansion are the major concerns in wind generation integration to power system. One solution being considered is to build on-site energy storage with the wind farms. The idea of building such a composite system is not only to minimize the real-time variation of the composite system output, but also to optimize the transmission upgrades needed for delivery of the wind generation. A novel probabilistic reliability assessment method is proposed in this paper for determining the adequate size of on-site energy storage and the transmission upgrades needed in connecting wind generation with the power system. The practical applications of the proposed model are illustrated using the IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS). Index Terms—Energy storage, planning, reliability, renewable, transmission upgrade, wind generation. I. INTRODUCTION R ENEWABLE generation has attracted much attention in recent years because of the environmental pressure and high price of natural gas and oil. Many countries have adopted an aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). As one of the most important resources of renewable generation, wind generation and its impact on system reliability have been extensively studied in both planning and operating phases [1]–[5]. Wind generation is an energy-limited resource such that the available energy during a given period is determined by the weather condition and is not dispatchable. In real-time operation, the intermittency of wind energy may result in large forecasting errors. A larger amount of operating reserve, therefore, has to be carried by the system as wind penetration increases in the power system [5]. Another major concern of wind energy integration is the proper transmission upgrades required to deliver the energy to the load center. Obviously, if the transmission upgrades are identified based on the nameplate capacity of the wind turbine generators, the new transmission lines will be under-utilized Manuscript received January 31, 2011; revised June 03, 2011; accepted June 15, 2011. Date of publication June 27, 2011; date of current version September 21, 2011. This paper does not reflect in any form and manner the position of the California ISO. Any errors and omissions are the sole responsibilities of the authors. Y. Zhang and S. Zhu are with the Regional Transmission Department, California ISO, Folsom, CA 95630 USA (e-mail: yzhang@caiso.com; szhu@caiso. com). A. A. Chowdhury is with Power System Analysts Inc., Rancho Cordova, CA 95742 USA (e-mail: achowdhury@comcast.com). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2011.2160663 because of the relatively low capacity factor of the wind generators. One widely adopted practice of wind (and PV solar) integration is to determine the transmission upgrades based on the qualifying capacity of the renewable resource. The qualifying capacity is the expected average output during the study period (on-peak or off-peak) based on historical generation profile. However, such practice could result in hours of congestion when the generation is above the qualifying capacity level and exceeds what the transmission system is designed for. Energy storage associated with wind generation has been studied from reliability [6] and economic [7] aspects. Pumped storage is the most known energy storage facility today; however, its use is limited because of the restriction of the placement. In recent years, with the progress of massive energy storage technologies, it is possible to install energy storage facilities with virtually no restrictions of location. For example, energy storage can be installed close to a wind farm so that the on-site energy storage and the wind generation share the same transmission to connect to the main grid. The on-site energy storage can be used as an alternative to transmission upgrades for wind generation integration. The need for transmission upgrades could be deferred or reduced if the energy storage can absorb wind energy when there is not enough available transmission capacity, especially during the over generation period. In other examples, energy storage can effectively participate into the power market as a provider of energy and ancillary services. It is worth noting that, the energy storage may operate either as an alternative of transmission upgrade or as a market participant, following the corresponding planning and market tariff. This paper focuses on the on-site energy storage that operates as transmission asset. As such, the paper devotes more to the reliability impact and maximizing the utilization of the available transmission capacity rather than the economic evaluation of the energy storage operation.
