عنوان مقاله
افزایش ابداع و نوآوری در راندمان انرژی خانگی: شبیه سازی پیشرفتهای بالقوه به روش مونت کارلو
فهرست مطالب
چکیده
مقدمه
روش
نتایج
بخشی از مقاله
مصرف انرژی خانوار کم درآمد(LIH) در RECS توصیف شده است. آخرین بررسی و نظرسنجی که در سال 2005 اجرا شد، داده های 4381 خانوار به نمایندگی 1. 111 میلیون خانوار درآمریکا را جمع آوری نمود. بر طبق RECS، خانه تک خانواده ای اصلی ترین نتیپ منزل کم درآمد به شمار می رفت. این خانه دارای بالاترین شدت انرژی بود که 4.72×106 J در فوت مربع، 4.19×109 J به ازای هر عضو خانواده و1.13×1010 J در هر خانواده بود.
کلمات کلیدی:
Increasing innovation in home energy efficiency: Monte Carlo simulation of potential improvements Kullapa Soratana, Joe Marriott * Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, 949 Benedum Hall, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States 1. Introduction The U.S. residential sector accounts for 11 percent of the total primary energy consumption, which costs $240 billion, annually [1]. Approximately 7,140,000 TJ are consumed by this sector, of which 69% is from electricity, 23% from natural gas, 3% from renewable energy, and 0.03% from coal [2]. The amount of energy produced released 1.25 1012 kg of CO2 equivalents emissions [3], which is projected to increase up to 1.35 1012 kg of CO2 e emissions by 2020 [4]. However, if the residential sector conducted energy efficiency improvements, $41 billion could be saved annually, and 3.6 1011 kg of CO2 e emissions could be avoided. It was estimated that by improving the efficiency of electrical appliances and HVAC systems for 115 million households, 39% low-income and 61% non-low-income; approximately $352 billion in energy production costs could be annually saved [4,5]. Several benefits can be obtained from improving energy efficiency in the residential market. For the customer, there are immediate economic benefits in lowering utility bills, but also shared benefits among all users as strain on the distribution networks is reduced, lower demands reduce commodity prices and infrastructure cost, and the costs of unpaid bills are not passed on to other customers. For the environment, reduced natural gas and electricity consumption reduces resource use, increases the impact of new renewable resources, and reduces carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Yet penetration of improvements remains frustratingly low [6]. The energy services companies (ESCOs) which exist today in the United States are supported by large and medium scale energy efficiency projects of government institutions and the private sector. Generally, 58% of ESCO revenues come from state or local government, educational institutions, and hospitals, 22% from federal, 9% from commercial, 6% from industrial, while only 5% is from the public housing and residential sectors together [6]. An ESCO provides expertise and oversight to customers on what improvements should be made to their buildings in order to reduce energy consumption and cut down their utility bills. The ESCO and the customer then enter into a long-term contract whereby the ESCO takes a percentage of the provided energy savings – tracked through extensive monitoring – as its payment [7]. Two key characteristics of the customers are their access to capital and assets which can be tied to long-term contracts. In this study, customers are primarily low-income households and have a lack of capital and energy improvement knowledge. Despite the huge potential for energy savings – and therefore recovered dollars – there is little penetration in the residential market, either for private homeowners or for management companies with large rental property holdings, and especially low-income homeowners or landlords. En
